These practices have been associated with severe environmental effects, such as eutrophication, acidification, etc. The results provide insightful information for policymakers and local public health organizations regarding priority areas in resource management.Ĭonventional farming practices can provide higher agricultural yields through the extensive use of fertilizers, pesticides, and other inputs. Thus, the increased PM2.5 concentration resulted in heightened hospital admissions. PM2.5 concentration was highly correlated with the incidence of dermatitis (R = 0.84), conjunctivitis (R = 0.81), stroke (R = 0.74), and lung cancer (R = 0.73). The results showed that the highest polluted and health-risk areas were located in the center of Chiang Mai, especially in the Mueang district. The health impact is based on the number of hospital admissions in all incidences of diseases due to PM2.5 exposure following the ICD-10. The primary data on PM2.5 concentration were collected using low-cost sensors. The association between PM2.5 concentration and human health impact were assessed using Pearson’s correlation, focused on the peak period from January to April 2021 in Chiang Mai. As ambient PM2.5 strongly affects human health, this study aims to investigate the hotspots of PM2.5 and health impact areas due to exposure to PM2.5 by illustrating a spatial distribution via a Chiang Mai health risk map. Chiang Mai has been one of the most polluted cities globally, exceeding the PM2.5 quality standards for decades and facing hazardous air pollution on an annual basis.
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